6. Compounds(tanru)

sor7
Those eggs were delicious! And there really are cats everywhere!

koc4
Yes, very delicious… (And here I was trying to go vegan…)

sor2
I feel ready to dive back in. Earlier, I felt like I got the hang of Lojban sentence structure pretty well.

koc1
If you can write a basic Lojban sentence, you only need to flesh out its terms and predicate to make it more expressive. First, let’s learn how to make more expressive predicates.

Linking predicate words together to create “tanru”

koc1
We’ll call words that can be used as a predicate, like klama or mlatu, “predicate words”. You can link these together and create compounds called “tanru”. Like this:

blanu
x1 is blue
kanla
x1 is an eye of x2
mlatu
x1 is a cat of species x2

sor1
So you can use predicate words as modifiers?

koc1
That’s right. The first thing that’s important to remember is that there’s an unambiguous rule in Lojban to determine the relation of which predicate modifies which.

sor2
Huh. So can never be any miscommunications about what’s modifying what.

koc5

Right: the rules of “tanru” structure are set in stone. But be careful: this rule might make your tanru mean something you didn’t intend.

The rule is very simple: the part on the left always modifies the part to its right.

stedu
x1 is a head of x2
xunre
x1 is red
finpe
x1 is a fish of species x2
citka
x1 eats x2

sor1
I see. Whereas if you say “red headed fish eating cat”, in English, you can’t tell whether it’s the fish or the cat whose head is red.

koc2
Remember how one of Lojban’s important characteristics is syntactic unambiguity? The fixed tanru structure is just one part of that.

sor7
Lojban (TODO)…

tanru は柔軟な意味をもつ

koc1
tanru は「X と関係のある Y」「X 的な Y」みたいにかなり緩い関係を意味します。

例えば、

は「目が青い」のかもしれないし「毛が青い」のかもしれない。もしかすると、「飼い主の服の色が青い」のかもしれない…。
tanru は柔軟な解釈ができるから、文脈次第で色々なことが表現できるよ。

sor1
なるほどね…。まあでも相手は人間なんだから、「よくある解釈」みたいなのはありそうだよね。

koc1
そうだね。普通の状況なら、直観的に捉えればいいと思うよ。

tanruもまた述なれ語である

koc1
tanru も述語として使えます。PS(Place Structure)は最も右にある語と同じになる よ。
たとえば、{blanu mlatu} も {stedu xunre finpe citka mlatu} も、{mlatu} と同じPSを持ちます。


True/False Questions

  1. tanru は述なれ語を連ねることで作ることができる。
  2. tanru は必ず一通りの構文解釈をとる。
  3. tanru の意味は必ず1つになる。
  4. tanru {blanu kanla mlatu} の修飾関係は ((blanu kanla) mlatu) である。
  5. 流石に {blanu mlatu}で「青い家に住んでいるネコだ」という意味には使えない。

-/- answers correct!


Words introduced in this lesson